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Purpose tests in anti-abuse or anti-avoidance provisions in Italy There are numerous specific anti-avoidance provisions (SAARs) and the general anti-abuse rule (GAAR), and the Italian tax authorities may recharacterize or disregard a transaction or series of transactions under the GAAR only if the tax benefits cannot be... Purpose tests in anti-abuse or anti-avoidance provisions in France There are multiple purpose tests across different parts of the French corporate income tax legislation pursuant to which the French tax authority can challenge, recharacterise or disregard transactions or series of transactions. These range from general a... Purpose tests in anti-abuse or anti-avoidance provisions in the Netherlands Within the Netherlands, there are various anti-abuse or anti-avoidance rules containing purpose tests. Most relevant within the context of dividend distributions seem to be the statutory general anti-abuse rule (GAAR) in the Dutch Dividend Withholding Tax... Purpose tests in anti-abuse or anti-avoidance provisions in Germany Germany has a general anti-abuse rule (GAAR) as well as other purpose tests under various specific anti-abuse rules (SAARs) in different parts of the legislation. One example of a SAAR would be the principal purpose test in the anti-treaty or directive sh... Purpose tests in anti-abuse or anti-avoidance provisions in the UK In addition to the general anti-abuse rule (GAAR), numerous purpose tests are built into the UK tax code. Every time a new set of tax rules is introduced, they tend to be accompanied by at least one targeted anti-avoidance rule (TAAR), and these TAARs rel... Purpose tests in anti-abuse or anti-avoidance provisions in Portugal There are multiple purpose test provisions pursuant to which the Portuguese tax authorities can recharacterise or disregard a transaction or series of transactions, and there have been a number of recent cases applying these. Purpose tests Purpose tests i... Purpose tests in anti-abuse or anti-avoidance provisions in Spain The Spanish tax authorities can challenge transactions under purposes tests in the two different general anti-abuse rules (GAARs) as well as specific anti-abuse rules (SAARs) targeted at a provision or regime. GAARs Spain has two GAARs: conflict in the ap... Proposals for a single R&D tax regime: a death knell for the SME regime? Last week, HM Treasury released its Summary of Responses document to the consultation published earlier this year seeking views on the design of a single research and development (R&D) tax relief regime – or, in other words, the collapsing of the independ... Beneficial ownership: perspectives across Europe Across a number of European jurisdictions, relief from withholding tax may be denied where the recipient of a dividend, interest or royalty payment is not also the beneficial owner of the relevant payment. The test for determining whether the recipient qu... Beneficial ownership from an Italian perspective The Italian tax authorities continue to challenge interposed conduit entities using the beneficial ownership test to deny withholding tax reductions or exemptions under EU Directives and double tax treaties. In light of the CJEU’s decisions in the Danish ...